What characterizes the tundra climate?

The tundra climate is characterized by extremely cold temperatures, particularly during long winters where the ground remains frozen. This climate type is typically found in regions near the Arctic and Antarctic, where the average annual temperatures are low, leading to short growing seasons. The ground often remains frozen and is referred to as permafrost, which limits the types of vegetation that can thrive in these areas. The flora typically includes mosses, lichens, and low shrubs that can survive harsh conditions. This unique combination of factors creates a stark and often fragile ecosystem that is distinct from other climate types, such as temperate or tropical climates, which are known for warmer temperatures and greater biodiversity.